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Autism tied to mother's microbiome

12月

13日

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According to a December 08 2021 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News (Genengnews) article, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be sourced by inflammation in the mother's womb leading to gastrointestinal issues in the child.

Based on mouse models of autism used by scientists at Harvard (Medical School) and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), IL-17A not only changes the mother’s gut microbiome but it also alters brain development in the fetus, affecting the offspring’s immune system. This change in immune development primes the offspring for inflammatory attacks of the gut after birth, leading to neurodevelopmental and immunological symptoms (1).

The findings are based on mouse studies of IL-17a during pregnancy by Gloria Choi, PhD, associate professor at the department of brain and cognitive sciences at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Jun Huh, PhD, associate professor of immunology, Harvard Medical School.

In related news in 2017, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute discovered a new way to identify children on the autism spectrum based on concentrations of specific substances, folate-dependent one-carbon (FOCM) metabolism and transsulfuration (TS) pathways, found in their blood samples (2).

1) https://www.genengnews.com/topics/omics/autism-linked-immune-problems-are-caused-by-maternal-gut-bacteria/

2) https://www.genengnews.com/news/autism-blood-test-incorporates-big-data-techniques/

phenolic compounds in food aid in reducing free radicals; TCM dismissed by WebMD

11月

12日

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According to a mice study and other studies reported in Handawi on November 08 2021, phenolic compounds effectively reduced oxidative stress from the buildup of free radicals. Free radicals are known to lead to various diseases including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases (1).

Phenolic compounds have received considerable attention for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Two main compounds mentioned here are protocatechuic acid (PCA) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PAL).

Phenolic compounds are naturally present in many plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, beans, spices, rice, crops, legumes, hemp, and lentils. Herbs such as basil, lemon thyme, and mint also contain high concentrations of these anti-oxidant compounds.

Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as red sage, Chinese sage, danshen, is a perennial plant in the genus Salvia, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. While Danshen possesses high concentrations of PCA and PAL, WebMD warns that eating too much of it and for some people, it can cause upset stomach. On the other hand, WebMD fails to sight any scientific evidence or research it’s claims about Danshen while acknowledging that the same therapeutic compounds in other western foods are effective (2).

According to the Handawi article, the effectiveness of distributing these antioxidants to the body and brain depends in part on the gut microbiome ability to biotransform them into lower molecular weight compounds (1).

1. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2021/6139308/

2. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-931/danshen

tastes for bitter veggies influenced by oral microbes

11月

7日

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According to a November 02 2021 report by Ars Technica, oral microbiome in human saliva can affect odor detection, which may be linked to individual tastes for or against certain bitter chemicals in our food.

According to the report, about 25 percent of people can't taste propylthiouracil (PROP), a chemical that is similar to the bitter compounds found in cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, coffee, tonic water, and dark beers. This means 75% of people detect unpleasant bitterness in these vegetables and beverages.

The bitter compounds in these foods are called glucosinolates. There are about 25 “bitterness genes”, according to scientists, which are also responsible for much of the nutritional value of these foods. Beyond the genetics, some people take kindly to certain types of bitterness and not others, matters of personal preferences.

https://apple.news/ADD2K-b7DRnSUh-Gz1WCVHg

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03889

What antibiotics disturb our gut microbiome

10月

29日

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Antibiotics are used to fight pathogens but also target commensal bacteria, disturbing the composition of gut microbiota and causing dysbiosis and disease.

According to an October 13 2021 Medical Express report, antibiotics are known to cause asthma, food allergies, obesity, gastrointestinal problems and Clostridioides difficile infections.

The October 13 2021 article in Nature said 144 antibiotics were studied to assess their affect on 38 human gut microbiome species. The study found that two common antibiotics macrolides and tetracyclines, inhibited nearly all gut bacteria tested, but also killed several species.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-10-tackling-collateral-antibiotics.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03986-2

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03986-2

Rhubarb and Phellodendron bark Keys to anti inflammatory herbal medicine

10月

22日

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Rhubarb, Scutellaria root, Phellodendron bark, and Coptidis rhizome are commonly used to make “San Huang Powder.” Study by researchers determined that this herb extract was proved to be antibacterial and anti inflammatory, according to an October 12 2021 report in Hindawi.com.

The in-vitro assay showed that Rhubarb and Phellodendron bark extracts decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-8, and GM-CSF on LPS-induced HMEC-1 cells. These two herbs are key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine “San Huang Powder” used to treat burns.

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2021/2900060/

Gut microbiome health may affect muscle growth

10月

15日

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The researchers found that for muscles to grow following exercise, according to new a September 27, 2021 article In Medical Express written by The Physiological Society. Based on a study of mice, the gut microbiome may be important for the health of our muscles.

The study found that the mice that received antibiotic treatment which killed the bacteria of their gut microbiome showed significantly less muscle growth than mice who did not receive the antibiotic treatment.

John McCarthy, senior author added “world-class runners were found to have more of a particular type of bacteria that provided an additional source of energy which was thought to help them run faster. Thus, the gut microbiome makes substances that appear to be important for skeletal muscles,” he is quoted saying in the Medical Express report.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-microbiome-muscle-growth-loss-conditions.html

Coral Microbiome key to climate change survival

10月

8日

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The microbiome of corals -- which comprise bacteria, fungi and viruses -- play an important role in the ability of corals to tolerate rising ocean temperatures, according to a September 30 2021 article in Science Daily led by Penn State University. Says Penn State biology professor Monica Medina, prolonged exposure to heat can cause 'bleaching' and the animal to die.

Viridiana Avila-Magaña, former student at Penn State, and team tracked genes that have already diverged in expression across species in response to any given stimuli -- in our case heat stress. She is currently a postdoctoral fellow at Colorado University Boulder.

The entire holobiont -- the coral animal, photosymbiont and microbiome -- is involved in the stress response. They found several genes that aid a coral’s response to heat stress. They also found more tolerant species had greater bacterial activity and diversity, according to Science Daily. The microbiome includes bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Among the three coral species examined - mountainous star coral, the knobby brain coral, and the starlet coral - the starlet coral was found to be more heat stress tolerant. This is due in part to a higher number and diversity of thermally tolerant microbes in their microbiomes, according to the Science Daily article.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/09/210930082401.htm

Bifidobacteria in yogurt may help gut micriobiome says report

9月

29日

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According to a September 22 2021 article in Healio, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 in yogurt may protect patients against harmful changes in the gut microbiome as first reported in Nutrients.

“ If one picks a well proven probiotic, they can expect to see important changes such as short chain fatty acid and microbiome protection,” Daniel Merenstein, MD, from the department of family medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, told Healio Gastroenterology. Dr. Merenstein based this on a 7 - day study of 42 patients, measuring “fecal levels of short-chain fatty acid and bacterial composition”.

https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20210922/probioticcontaining-yogurt-may-protect-against-gut-microbiome-changes-linked-to-antibiotics

Some species of gut bacteria support, others resist weight loss

9月

20日

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In a September 16 2021 Science Focus report, Seattle’s Institute for Systems Biology lead author Dr Christian Diener is quoted saying “your gut microbiome can help or cause resistance to weight loss and this opens up the possibility to try to alter the gut microbiome to impact weight loss.”

Dr. Diener’s assertions are based on a study of 5,000 dieters with a focus of 105 individuals and a control group, collecting blood and stool samples from the participants, and studying their genetic material. The study found that specific gut bacteria in each group were resistant, while others supported weight loss. In the Science Focus article, Dr. Diener concludes that “the gut microbiome is a major player in modulating whether a weight loss intervention will have success or not.”

https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/gut-microbiome-weight-loss-study/amp/

Study of common medicine on gut bacteria shows reduced efficacy

9月

10日

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Common medications can accumulate in gut bacteria, says a new study reported September 08 2021 in Medical Express. Research on the subject was conducted by Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit at the University of Cambridge and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Germany. The building up of drugs in our gut bacteria can alter bacterial function and reduce the drug’s effectiveness.

15 common drugs were combined and tested with 25 different gut bacteria to see how they interacted. The researchers found that the drug accumulated in the gut bacteria demonstrated some signs of reduction in the availability of the drug to the rest of the human body. It is believed that the accumulation altered bacterial function, believed to be linked to side-effects. The research was first reported in Nature.

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-common-medications-accumulate-gut-bacteria.amp

https://www.genengnews.com/news/microbiomes-metabolism-altered-by-bioaccumulation-of-medications/